Pitfalls of STATA robust estimation, a quick simulation study.

Use of “robust” after regress in Stata seems to be automatic. From the textbooks,  robust is more asymptotically efficient, and there is only a small hit for not assuming homoskedasticity.

There is one problem I am encountering, and that is in small samples. If your coefficient of interest has very little variation, be careful. Especially when measuring treatment effects where you have very few or very many treated observations.

Here’s where I had problems: I am conducting a stock market event study. We are trying to figure out what size of event window to use, so we run, for each stock:

return=alpha + beta * market + gamma1 * Day1 +gamma2*Day2 + gamma3*Day3 +epsilon

when we run this with robust, we get much smaller standard errors. We run the Ftest of “test Day1+Day2+Day3=0” and get significance.

But, when we later run:

return=alpha + beta * market + gamma1to3 * Day1to3 * 1/3 + epsilon,

we don’t get stat significance. And it’s all due to robust. (note, the 1/3 is there to rescale for 3 days)

 

Delving further, I run a simulation where the dgp is y=x*1/4 + eps

I then regress y on x and a 1day event. I simulate 1000 times and here’s my results:

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
          op |      1000   -.0266356    1.000336   -2.86643   3.137967
          os |      1000    1.000005    .0218117   .9318347   1.066719
       opval |      1000    .4983793    .2890897   .0011551    .999441
          rp |      1000   -.0266356    1.000336   -2.86643   3.137967
          rs |      1000    .0435009    .0135115   .0295254   .1079442
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       rpval |      1000    .0268978     .121465          0   .9918482

o designates OLS. op is the point estimate for event (should be 0), os is the stderr, and opval is the pvalue.  r designates robust, and rp, rs, and rpval are similarly defined.

Note that robust gives smaller std errors. In fact, much smaller. And this is due to the fact that this coefficient is estimated off one observation.

Importantly, this is NOT fixed if you increase the number of total observations. You have to increase the number of observations in the event. I rerun this with an eventsize of 10, and then OLS and robust are close to matching.

See and run the code to see what I mean.

CODE

* simulation showing how robust raises the t stat for a time series event.
capture program drop eventSim
program define eventSim, rclass
syntax [, obs(integer 1) eventsize(integer 1) xcoeff(real 1) ]
drop _all
set obs `obs'
gen n=_n
gen x=rnormal()
gen y=x*`xcoeff'+rnormal()
gen event=n<=`eventsize'
regress y x
regress y x event
matrix eb=e(b)
matrix ev=e(V)
return scalar OLSpoint=eb[1,2]
return scalar OLSstderr=sqrt(ev[2,2])
test event
return scalar OLSpvalue=r(p)
regress y x event, robust
matrix eb=e(b)
matrix ev=e(V)
return scalar ROBpoint=eb[1,2]
return scalar ROBstderr=sqrt(ev[2,2])
test even
return scalar ROBpvalue=r(p)
end
simulate op=r(OLSpoint) os=r(OLSstderr) opval=r(OLSpvalue) rp=r(ROBpoint) rs=r(ROBstderr) rpval=r(ROBpvalue), reps(1000): eventSim, obs(1000) eventsize(1)  xcoeff(.25)
su
simulate op=r(OLSpoint) os=r(OLSstderr) opval=r(OLSpvalue) rp=r(ROBpoint) rs=r(ROBstderr) rpval=r(ROBpvalue), reps(1000): eventSim, obs(1000) eventsize(10)  xcoeff(.25)
su
** note the mean of os, the mean of rs, and the standard deviation of op should all match.
** the reason is because the dgp is homoskedastic and the robust and ols extimators are both consistent.
** when eventsize is 10, they match pretty well.
** when eventsize is 1, the match is very bad. Robust gives abnormally small standard errors.
** my guess as to why is because the Huber-White robust estimates allow there to be a different sigmasq for the event period.
** When the event is small (or has size 1), then event is perfectly fitted (has zero residual) and that term in the
** heteroskedasticity matrix is small (or zero).
* simulation showing how robust raises the t stat for a time series event.
capture program drop eventSimprogram define eventSim, rclass	syntax [, obs(integer 1) eventsize(integer 1) xcoeff(real 1) ]	drop _all	set obs `obs'	gen n=_n	gen x=rnormal()	gen y=x*`xcoeff'+rnormal()      gen event=n<=`eventsize'	regress y x	regress y x event	matrix eb=e(b)	matrix ev=e(V)	return scalar OLSpoint=eb[1,2]	return scalar OLSstderr=sqrt(ev[2,2])	test event	return scalar OLSpvalue=r(p)
 regress y x event, robust	matrix eb=e(b)	matrix ev=e(V)	return scalar ROBpoint=eb[1,2]	return scalar ROBstderr=sqrt(ev[2,2])	test even	return scalar ROBpvalue=r(p)end
simulate op=r(OLSpoint) os=r(OLSstderr) opval=r(OLSpvalue) rp=r(ROBpoint) rs=r(ROBstderr) rpval=r(ROBpvalue), reps(1000): eventSim, obs(1000) eventsize(1)  xcoeff(.25)susimulate op=r(OLSpoint) os=r(OLSstderr) opval=r(OLSpvalue) rp=r(ROBpoint) rs=r(ROBstderr) rpval=r(ROBpvalue), reps(1000): eventSim, obs(1000) eventsize(10)  xcoeff(.25)su
** note the mean of os, the mean of rs, and the standard deviation of op should all match.** the reason is because the dgp is homoskedastic and the robust and ols extimators are both consistent.** when eventsize is 10, they match pretty well.** when eventsize is 1, the match is very bad. Robust gives abnormally small standard errors.** my guess as to why is because the Huber-White robust estimates allow there to be a different sigmasq for the event period.** When the event is small (or has size 1), then event is perfectly fitted (has zero residual) and that term in the** heteroskedasticity matrix is small (or zero).